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Industrial Vacuum Cleaners to Grandma's Electric Broom: The Interesting History of the Vacuum Cleaner

This is a fun article about the history of vacuum cleaners '" from Mom's old Electrolux, to high tech industrial vacuum cleaners that prevent combustible dust explosions, profiling the many vacuum visionaries who created and refined them over time.

CONSUMER AND INDUSTRIAL VACUUM SYSTEMS HAVE THEIR ROOTS IN HISTORY

Today we pull the vacuum out of the hallway closet, turn it on, and clean it up everything between the floor and our feet. If we go back a hundred and fifty years though, it was the norm to just drag a rug outside, hang it, and beat the dust out of it! The immovable floors of homes, factories, and workshops stayed where they were, and so they had to be swept. While a good portion of the debris and dust went into the pan, the remainder got dispersed into the air, to be breathed in while it all slowly settled back down to the surfaces.

There was inspiration for invention - someone had a better way.

Actually, many people did!

If you look at the patent application for what everyone thinks is the original vacuum, it looks a little like a button accordion turned on its side. The clever man from Iowa, Daniel Hess, figured out how to pull in the dust with an intricate bellows system, and direct it through two water chambers to purify the returning air. His creation is believed to be the first portable vacuum cleaner in the United States. (...and it's rumored that his brother spent his remaining years looking around the house for his missing accordion!)

Six years later, also in the dusty Midwest, a Chicago native named Ives McAffey made a very ambitious upright that looked like a wooden version of the machine you might remember from your grandmother's house. It was a serious calorie burner though, because you had to constantly crank it to turn the wheel that turned the belt that blew the fan that created the suction. You also had to push the thing around at the same time, and since most folks in 1869 apparently decided to aerobicise in other ways, McAffey's vacuum never sucked the general public into the store to buy one. It was a commercial failure.

So much for portability! On the Atlantic's other side in 1901, a Londoner named H. Cecil Booth decided to make one the size of a VW. Instead of rounded, it was a square framed large cart housing a super-sized vacuum pump and a bolt on canister. Queen Victoria would summon it to have its 100 foot hose remove the dirt and debris from her palace. There was speculation that the plague was living in the dust inside the English naval barracks. When this contraption on wheels collected and hauled the dust away, the plague ended. Word of germ sanitation spread throughout both sides of the Atlantic, and vacuums were suddenly in demand.

In 1907, Murray Spangler, an Ohio janitor who couldn't stop sneezing, manufactured and sold door to door, his anti-allergy electric version of Booth's basic design. It was the first practical vacuum cleaner because it was easily portable. Behind one of those doors that opened, lived entrepreneur William Hoover. The inventor with the running nose probably thought his ship had come in when Hoover bought his patent rights to the wooden crate machine with the pillowcase bag. The Hoover Vacuum Cleaner Company was born in 1908, and the idea was improved upon with a steel casing, caster wheels, attachments and later disposable collection bags.

When Murray saw how much money Hoover made from this patent exchange, his eyes probably never stopped running!

The physics of a vacuum is like that of a tornado. The area where the fan spins is calm, like the eye of the storm, but the pressure outside is higher than inside, and dirt and dust swirl into the machine. Vacuums that incorporate the Venturi scientific principal effect are the most efficient. Moving air, or fluid, passing through a constricted tube or pipe, speeds up in the restriction in order to reduce its pressure, and it produces a vacuum effect. The Venturi effect is seen in large cites when wind flies down avenues between tall buildings, in the human circulatory system, and the lift of a plane wing.

In an industrial situation, there are more elements to consider than just cleanin' up the floor before company comes over! Dust and debris create a high explosive hazardous environment, where a combustible dust explosion is very possible. Diligent and continuous ongoing cleanup is required in able to assure the safety of the workers and the plant. Most of us are aware that fuzz from your clothes dryer can ignite with heat, but many do not realize that in a manufacturing plant, the dust and debris of seemingly not highly flammable substances like flour, sugar, aluminum, rubber, plastic can all violently explode under the right circumstances. We are all knowledgeable about gasoline or propane gas safety issues, but most folks have never heard of a grain dust explosion! A serious danger does exist, an explosive chain reaction can easily result, and an entire factory can be quickly destroyed. It might really surprise you that in a processing factory, there could be dust explosions from food items you use to bake a cake!

Industrial vacuum systems have developed so much over the past number of years. Compressed air vacuums that incorporate the Venturi effect suction have no moving parts and do not use electricity. This takes away the potential for a spark generated by the cleaning equipment itself.

We are all familiar with the famous brands that we grew up with. There is a story behind the creation of each company, and in the initial stages, there was usually one person who invented, refined, and manufactured the vacuum.

Melvin Bissell inputted the vacuum development with his machine that used the energy from the pushed wheels to power the sweeping apparatus back in the 1870's. Eureka had its roots with Fred Wardell in 1909, offering a manageable lightweight well designed practical unit that had attachments including a hair blower! By the early 1920's, their sprawling plant was making up to 2,000 vacuums per day. In 1907, both Hoover and Kirby got themselves going. Jim Kirby was behind his name brand which contained a cloth filter, and Hoover was inspired by our allergic friend James Murray Spangler who sold his innovative patent. Louis Hamilton, a skilled marketer, teamed with inventors Charles Beach and Frederick Osius to offer the portable Hamilton Beach Mother's Little Helper. A standard of excellence was proclaimed when Gustaf Sahlin launched his Electrolux that looked '" and was built like '" a tank. We've all seen David Oreck on TV selling his Oreck Corporation vacuums. He started out making them exclusively for hotels and then teamed with Whirlpool to tap into the US consumer market.

In the modern world, vacuums continue to advance tremendously. If you have never seen this new technology, it would be interesting to check out. James Dyson perfected his amazing looking Dual Cyclone, and as a result, in 2001 Dyson vacuums started to command 30% of the market. For the everyday household, companies like iRobot send in their Roomba robots that automatically clean the floor '" a real Mother's helper (unless your Pit Bull gets angry at it), and in the industrial world, there are innovators like HafcoVac who design and manufacture heavy duty compressed air industrial vacuum cleaners that use no moving parts or electricity '" a non-combustible safety solution in manufacturing plants that generate substantial dust within their environment.

Home housekeepers have at least one vacuum with attachments to reach every room's nooks and crannies, ready to get rid of dust, fuzz, dog and cat hair, guinea pig dander, and microscopic allergens. They come in all shapes and sizes - the vacuums, that is. Like Mom always said, "There's nothing like a clean house!" Wise and diligent operators of industrial dust generating facilities have a plan and system in place to manage a safe, clean and hazard-free work environment. With today's technology and the relative small cost of the equipment needed to maintain a clean plant, there is no excuse for any workspace environment to be unsafe due to residue dust and debris.

Clean your house, and clean your factory - today it's easy - thanks to Daniel Hess and the many subsequent thoughtful minds that made vacuum technology what it is today. Yes the dust will still come out tomorrow - but we can easily vacuum it up!